End-to-End Performance Evaluation of an IoT-Based Smart Energy Meter through Accuracy and Quality of Service Analysis

Aip Saripudin; Didin Wahyudin; Elih Mulyana; Dadang Lukman Hakim; Apang Djafar Shieddieque; Adzys Saleh Aryanto

doi:10.15575/telka.v12n2.157-166

Authors

Aip Saripudin Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia
Didin Wahyudin Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia
Elih Mulyana Department of Engineer Professional Program, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia
Dadang Lukman Hakim Department of Engineer Professional Program, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia
Apang Djafar Shieddieque Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Wastukancana, Indonesia
Adzys Saleh Aryanto Department of Electrical Engineering Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15575/telka.v12n2.157-166

Keywords:

Smart Energy Meter; Internet of Things; ESP32; PZEM-004T; Quality of Service.

Abstract

This research is motivated by the increasing need for accurate and real-time electrical energy monitoring systems to support energy usage efficiency. The purpose of this study is to develop an Internet of Things (IoT)-based electrical energy monitoring system capable of measuring and transmitting data in real-time. The system is designed using a PZEM-004T sensor integrated with an ESP32 microcontroller and the Firebase cloud platform for data storage and visualization via a web dashboard. Performance evaluation is conducted through an analysis of measurement accuracy and network quality of service (QoS). Accuracy analysis is performed using Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) parameters, while network QoS analysis is conducted by measuring latency, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Test results show that the system has a low error rate, with a voltage MAE value of 0.136%, current of 1.130%, and power of 1.190%, as well as a voltage RMSE of 0.181%, current of 1.217%, and power of 1.275%. With an average latency of 19.50 ms, an RSSI of -33.50 dBm, and an SNR of 66.50 dB, the system demonstrates reliable network QoS. Overall, these results indicate that the system is capable of providing accurate and stable performance for real-time energy monitoring applications. The integration of measurement accuracy and reliable network QoS in a single IoT-based system ready for practical implementation is the main contribution of this research.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

L. S. Riantini et al., “Energy Efficiency Analysis of Building Envelope Renovation and Photovoltaic System in a High-Rise Hotel Building in Indonesia,” Buildings, vol. 14, no. 6, 2024.

H. O. Garcés et al., “Development of an IoT-Enabled Smart Electricity Meter for Real-Time Energy Monitoring and Efficiency,” Electronics, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1–36, 2025.

Z. Javid, I. Kocar, W. Holderbaum, and U. Karaagac, “Future Distribution Networks: A Review,” Energies, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1–45, 2024.

M. Aiello, “IoT architectures: from data to smart systems,” Front. Internet Things, vol. 1, pp. 1–5, 2022.

W. A. Jabbar, S. Annathurai, T. A. Tajul, and M. F. Mohd Fauzi, “Smart energy meter based on a long-range wide-area network for a stand-alone photovoltaic system,” Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 197, p. 116703, 2022.

C. K. Rao, S. K. Sahoo, and F. F. Yanine, “Development of intelligent smart energy monitoring systems for renewable energy source using Proteus-8 environment and validated with experimentation,” J. Electr. Syst. Inf. Technol., vol. 12, no. 1, 2025.

D. M. Atia, H. T. El-Madany, Y. Atia, and M. B. Zahran, “Real-Time Implementation of Energy Management for Photovoltaic/Battery/Diesel Hybrid System Based on LabVIEW,” Int. J. Renew. Energy Res., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1105–1116, 2022.

N. S. Madhuri et al., “IOT integrated smart grid management system for effective energy management,” Meas. Sensors, vol. 24, p. 100488, 2022.

K. A. Yasa et al., “IoT-based Electrical Power Recording using ESP32 and PZEM-004T Microcontrollers,” J. Comput. Sci. Technol. Stud., vol. 4, pp. 1–7, 2023.

T. H. Rangkuti and M. Martiano, “Design of IoT Based Electrical Parameter Monitoring System using NodemCu V3 and PZEM-004T V3 Sensor,” Tsabit J. Comput., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2025.

W. Ahmad, D. Widiatmoko, and F. Kholid, “Design of Electrical Energy Monitoring System Using NodeMCU ESP8266 and PZEM-004T for Power Usage Control,” Fortech, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 10–18, 2024.

A. Veerraju, A. Adil, and S. Naik, “Electrical Energy Monitoring and Home Automation Using IoT,” Int. J. Innov. Sci. Res. Technol., vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 1020–1023, 2020.

Syafii, A. Luthfi, and A. Y. A. Rozzi, “Design of raspberry pi web-based energy monitoring system for residential electricity consumption,” Int. Conf. Inf. Technol. Syst. Innov., pp. 192–196, 2020.

J. E. B. Monton, J. T. Dellosa, and R. N. Mendoza, “IoT-Based Energy Monitoring System (IBEMS) for Optimizing Power Consumption in University Facilities,” 8th Int. Artif. Intell. Data Process. Symp., 2024.

A. I. Shirol, A. Jali, and A. A. Patil, “Sustainable IoT Architecture for Real-Time Water Quality Assessment Using ESP-NOW Communication,” Int. J. Sci. Technol., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 1–6, 2025.

A.U. Nawawi et al., “Development of the Android Application for the Landslide Disaster Mitigation Real-time System based on Firebase Server and OneSignal,” J. Elektron. dan Telekomun., vol. 24, no. 2, p. 129, 2024.

I. Fathi, “An IoT Based Low-Cost Smart Greenhouse Monitoring System Using ESP8266 and Firebase for Real-Time Environmental Control,” Int. J. Adv. Nat. Sci. Eng. Res., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 268–286, 2025.

M. F. A. M. Noor et al., “Development of Employee Attendance Management System using Flutter,” J. Comput. Res. Innov., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1–10, 2023.

C. Megías, V. Vázquez, E. Ros, M. Cappelli, and J. Díaz, “Ethernet-based timing system for accelerator facilities: The IFMIF-DONES case,” Comput. Networks, vol. 233, 2023.

P. O. Ayeni and O. C. Adesoba, “IoT-based home control system using NodeMCU and Firebase,” J. Edge Comput., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 17–34, 2025.

P. Venkadesh, S. V Divya, and N. Vishal, “Smart Dustbin using ESP32 for Waste Management,” IRO J. Sustain. Wirel. Syst., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 309–317, 2024.

M. J. Espinosa-Gavira et al., “Characterization and Performance Evaluation of ESP32 for Real-time Synchronized Sensor Networks,” Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 237, pp. 261–268, 2024.

M. Adrian et al., “Real-Time Data Acquisition With Esp32 for IoT Applications Using Open-Source Mqtt Brokers,” Proc. Manuf. Syst., vol. 19, pp. 61–68, 2024.

M. L. M. Amorim et al., “Open-Source Data Logger System for Real-Time Monitoring and Fault Detection in Bench Testing,” Inventions, vol. 9, no. 6, 2024.